Python编程全面教程

一、环境配置

安装Python
- 官网下载：https://www.python.org
- 推荐安装3.x版本（当前最新3.13）
- 安装时勾选"Add Python to PATH"
开发工具选择
- IDE：PyCharm、VS Code、Jupyter Notebook
- 文本编辑器：Sublime Text、Atom
验证安装


python --version

二、基础语法

1. 变量与数据类型


# 基本类型

name = "Alice"          # 字符串(str)

age = 25                # 整数(int)

height = 1.68           # 浮点数(float)

is_student = True       # 布尔值(bool)

# 复合类型

numbers = [1, 2, 3]                # 列表(list)

coordinates = (40.7128, -74.0060)  # 元组(tuple)

person = {"name": "Bob", "age": 30} # 字典(dict)

unique_numbers = {1, 2, 3}          # 集合(set)

2. 运算符


# 算术运算符

print(10 + 3)   # 13

print(10 ** 2)  # 100（幂运算）

# 比较运算符

print(5 >= 3)   # True

# 逻辑运算符

print(True and False)  # False

3. 字符串操作


text = "Python Programming"

print(text.upper())       # "PYTHON PROGRAMMING"

print(text.split())       # ['Python', 'Programming']

print(f"Hello {name}!")   # f-string格式化

三、流程控制

1. 条件语句


score = 85

if score >= 90:

    grade = "A"

elif score >= 80:

    grade = "B"

else:

    grade = "C"

2. 循环结构


# for循环

for i in range(5):

    print(i)  # 输出0-4

# while循环

count = 0

while count < 3:

    print(count)

    count += 1

# 循环控制

for num in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]:

    if num == 3:

        continue

    if num == 5:

        break

    print(num)

四、函数编程

1. 基本函数


def greet(name, message="Hello"):

    """返回问候语"""

    return f"{message}, {name}!"

print(greet("Alice"))  # Hello, Alice!

2. 参数类型


# 可变参数

def sum_all(*numbers):

    return sum(numbers)

print(sum_all(1, 2, 3))  # 6

# 关键字参数

def create_profile(**info):

    print(info)

create_profile(name="Bob", age=30)

五、数据结构

1. 列表操作


fruits = ["apple", "banana"]

fruits.append("orange")     # 添加元素

fruits.insert(1, "grape")  # 插入元素

removed = fruits.pop(0)     # 删除并返回第一个元素

2. 字典使用


student = {

    "name": "Alice",

    "courses": ["Math", "CS"]

}

print(student.get("age", 20))  # 安全获取值

student["graduated"] = False   # 添加新键

六、文件操作


# 写入文件

with open("diary.txt", "w") as f:

    f.write("2023-10-01\nToday I learned Python")

# 读取文件

with open("diary.txt", "r") as f:

    content = f.readlines()

七、面向对象编程


class Animal:

    def __init__(self, name):

        self.name = name

    def speak(self):

        raise NotImplementedError

class Dog(Animal):

    def speak(self):

        return "Woof!"

buddy = Dog("Buddy")

print(buddy.speak())  # Woof!

八、异常处理


try:

    result = 10 / 0

except ZeroDivisionError:

    print("不能除以零！")

finally:

    print("执行清理操作")

九、模块与包


# 导入标准库

import math

print(math.sqrt(16))  # 4.0

# 安装第三方库

# pip install requests

# 自定义模块

# 在mymodule.py中定义函数，然后：

# import mymodule

十、实战项目示例

1. 简易计算器


def calculator():

    while True:

        try:

            num1 = float(input("输入第一个数字: "))

            operator = input("选择操作 (+ - * /): ")

            num2 = float(input("输入第二个数字: "))

            if operator == '+':

                result = num1 + num2

            elif operator == '-':

                result = num1 - num2

            elif operator == '*':

                result = num1 * num2

            elif operator == '/':

                result = num1 / num2

            else:

                print("无效运算符")

                continue

            print(f"结果: {result}")

        except ValueError:

            print("请输入有效数字！")

        except ZeroDivisionError:

            print("不能除以零！")

2. 数据可视化示例


import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

y = [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

plt.plot(x, y)

plt.title("示例图表")

plt.xlabel("X轴")

plt.ylabel("Y轴")

plt.show()